Networking hardware, also known as network equipment or computer networking devices, are electronic devices which are required for communication and interaction between devices on a computer network. Specifically, they mediate data transmission in a computer network.^[1] Units which are the last receiver or generate data are called hosts, end systems or data terminal equipment.

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Range[edit]

Networking devices may include gateways, routers, network bridges, modems, wireless access points, networking cables, line drivers, switches, hubs, and repeaters; and may also include hybrid network devices such as multilayer switches, protocol converters, bridge routers, proxy servers, firewalls, network address translators, multiplexers, network interface controllers, wireless network interface controllers, ISDN terminal adapters and other related hardware.

The most common kind of networking hardware today is a copper-based Ethernetadapter which is a standard inclusion on most modern computer systems. Wireless networking has become increasingly popular, especially for portable and handheld devices.

Other networking hardware used in computers includes data center equipment (such as file servers, database servers and storage areas), network services (such as DNS, DHCP, email, etc.) as well as devices which assure content delivery.

Taking a wider view, mobile phones, tablet computers and devices associated with the internet of things may also be considered networking hardware. As technology advances and IP-based networks are integrated into building infrastructure and household utilities, network hardware will become an ambiguous term owing to the vastly increasing number of network capable endpoints.

Specific devices[edit]

Network hardware can be classified by its location and role in the network.

Core[edit]

Core network components interconnect other network components.

• Gateway: an interface providing a compatibility between networks by converting transmission speeds, protocols, codes, or security measures.^[2]
• Router: a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform the 'traffic directing' functions on the Internet. A data packet is typically forwarded from one router to another through the networks that constitute the internetwork until it reaches its destination node.^[3] It works on OSI layer 3.^[4]
• Switch: a device that connects devices together on a computer network, by using packet switching to receive, process and forward data to the destination device. Unlike less advanced network hubs, a network switch forwards data only to one or multiple devices that need to receive it, rather than broadcasting the same data out of each of its ports.^[5] It works on OSI layer 2.
• Bridge: a device that connects multiple network segments. It works on OSI layers 1 and 2.^[6]
• Repeater: an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances.^[7]
• Repeater hub: for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together and making them act as a single network segment. It has multiple input/output (I/O) ports, in which a signal introduced at the input of any port appears at the output of every port except the original incoming.^[1] A hub works at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model.^[8] Repeater hubs also participate in collision detection, forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a collision. Hubs are now largely obsolete, having been replaced by network switches except in very old installations or specialized applications.

Hybrid[edit]

Hybrid components can be found in the core or border of a network.

• Multilayer switch: a switch that, in addition to switching on OSI layer 2, provides functionality at higher protocol layers.
• Protocol converter: a hardware device that converts between two different types of transmission, for interoperation.^[9]
• Bridge router (brouter): a device that works as a bridge and as a router. The brouter routes packets for known protocols and simply forwards all other packets as a bridge would.^[10]

Border[edit]

Hardware or software components which typically sit on the connection point of different networks (for example, between an internal network and an external network) include:

• Proxy server: computer network service which allows clients to make indirect network connections to other network services.^[11]
• Firewall: a piece of hardware or software put on the network to prevent some communications forbidden by the network policy.^[12] A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a trusted, secure internal network and another outside network, such as the Internet, that is assumed to not be secure or trusted.^[13]
• Network address translator (NAT): network service (provided as hardware or as software) that converts internal to external network addresses and vice versa.^[14]

End stations[edit]

Other hardware devices used for establishing networks or dial-up connections include:

• Network interface controller (NIC): a device connecting a computer to a wire-based computer network.
• Wireless network interface controller: a device connecting the attached computer to a radio-based computer network.
• Modem: device that modulates an analog 'carrier' signal (such as sound) to encode digital information, and that also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. Used (for example) when a computer communicates with another computer over a telephone network.
• ISDN terminal adapter (TA): a specialized gateway for ISDN.
• Line driver: a device to increase transmission distance by amplifying the signal; used in base-band networks only.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abIEEE 802.3-2012 Clause 9.1
2. ^'ATIS Telecom Glossary'. www.atis.org. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
3. ^'The TCP/IP Guide - Overview Of Key Routing Protocol Concepts: Architectures, Protocol Types, Algorithms and Metrics'. www.tcpipguide.com. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
4. ^'ATIS Telecom Glossary'. www.atis.org. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
5. ^'Hubs Versus Switches – Understand the tradeoffs'(PDF). ccontrols.com. 2002. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
6. ^E., Decker; A., Rijsinghani; K., McCloghrie; P., Langille. 'Definitions of Managed Objects for Bridges'. tools.ietf.org. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
7. ^'ATIS Telecom Glossary'. www.atis.org. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
8. ^Dean, Tamara (2010). Network+ Guide to Networks. Delmar. pp. 256–257.
9. ^'ATIS Telecom Glossary'. www.atis.org. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
10. ^'bridge router Definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia'. www.pcmag.com. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
11. ^'ATIS Telecom Glossary'. www.atis.org. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
12. ^'ATIS Telecom Glossary'. www.atis.org. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
13. ^Oppliger, Rolf (May 1997). 'Internet Security: FIREWALLS and BEYOND'. Communications of the ACM. 40 (5): 94. doi:10.1145/253769.253802.
14. ^'ATIS Telecom Glossary'. www.atis.org. Retrieved 2016-02-12.

External links[edit]

• DCN Tutorial

• Physical Layer

• Data Link Layer

• Network Layer

• Transport Layer

• Application Layer

• DCN Useful Resources

• Selected Reading

Data communications refers to the transmission of this digital data between two or more computers and a computer network or data network is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. The physical connection between networked computing devices is established using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is the Internet.

This tutorial should teach you basics of Data Communication and Computer Network (DCN) and will also take you through various advance concepts related to Data Communication and Computer Network.

Why to Learn Data Communication & Computer Network?

Network Basic Understanding

A system of interconnected computers and computerized peripherals such as printers is called computer network. This interconnection among computers facilitates information sharing among them. Computers may connect to each other by either wired or wireless media.

Network Engineering

Networking engineering is a complicated task, which involves software, firmware, chip level engineering, hardware, and electric pulses. To ease network engineering, the whole networking concept is divided into multiple layers. Each layer is involved in some particular task and is independent of all other layers. But as a whole, almost all networking tasks depend on all of these layers. Layers share data between them and they depend on each other only to take input and send output.

Internet

A network of networks is called an internetwork, or simply the internet. It is the largest network in existence on this planet.The internet hugely connects all WANs and it can have connection to LANs and Home networks. Internet uses TCP/IP protocol suite and uses IP as its addressing protocol. Present day, Internet is widely implemented using IPv4. Because of shortage of address spaces, it is gradually migrating from IPv4 to IPv6.

Internet enables its users to share and access enormous amount of information worldwide. It uses WWW, FTP, email services, audio and video streaming etc. At huge level, internet works on Client-Server model.

Internet uses very high speed backbone of fiber optics. Capcom vs snk 2 download. To inter-connect various continents, fibers are laid under sea known to us as submarine communication cable.

Applications of Communication & Computer Network

Computer systems and peripherals are connected to form a network.They provide numerous advantages:

• Resource sharing such as printers and storage devices
• Exchange of information by means of e-Mails and FTP
• Information sharing by using Web or Internet
• Interaction with other users using dynamic web pages
• IP phones
• Video conferences
• Parallel computing
• Instant messaging

Audience

This tutorial has been prepared for the computer science graduates to help them understand the basic to advanced concepts related to Data Communication and Computer Networking. After completing this tutorial you will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in Data Communication and Computer Networking from where you can take yourself to next levels.

Prerequisites

Before you start proceeding with this tutorial, I'm making an assumption that you are already aware about basic computer concepts like what is keyboard, mouse, monitor, input, output, primary memory and secondary memory etc. If you are not well aware of these concepts then I will suggest to go through our short tutorial on Computer Fundamentals.